Dr Brandon Shaw

Babazadeh-Zavieh, SS., Ansari, NN., Ghotbi, N., Naghdi, S., Jafar Haeri, SM., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2022). Effects of dry needling and exercise therapy on post-stroke spasticity and motor function- protocol of randomized clinical trial.. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications. 28, 100921-100921

Millard, L., Breukelman, G., Nonkululeko, M., Shaw, I. and Shaw, B., (2022). A review of the essential visual skills required for soccer: Beyond 20–20 optometry. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living. 4, 965195-

Abdelkader, M., Hammami, R., Drury, B., Clark, N., Sandercock, G., Shaw, I., Shaw, B., Gaied Chortane, S. and Moran, J., (2022). A randomised controlled trial of 1- versus 2-day per week formats of Nordic hamstring training on explosive athletic tasks in prepubertal soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 40 (19), 2173-2181

Shaw, BS., Breukelman, G., Millard, L., Moran, J., Brown, G. and Shaw, I., (2022). Effects of a maximal cycling all-out anaerobic test on visual performance.. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 1-6

Shariat, A., Ghayour Najafabadi, M., Soroush Fard, Z., Nakhostin-Ansari, A. and Shaw, BS., (2022). A systematic review with meta-analysis on balance, fatigue, and motor function following aquatic therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis.. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 68, 104107-104107

Shaw, BS., Lloyd, R., Da Silva, M., Coetzee, D., Moran, J., Waterworth, SPW., Mathunjwa, ML. and Shaw, I., (2022). German volume training for health promotion: Acute vasopressor, pulmonary and metabolic responses. Frontiers in Physiology. 13, 1025017-

Millard, L., Shaw, I., Breukelman, GJ. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Visio-spatial skills in athletes: comparison of rugby players and non-athletes. Sport Sciences for Health. 17 (1), 137-143

Breukelman, GJ., Basson, AK., Djarova, TG., Shaw, BS., du Preez, CJ. and Shaw, I., (2021). Establishing a proof of concept for the effects of low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet (LCHFD) and physical activity on body composition in type 2 diabetes. Heliyon. 7 (2), e06266-e06266

Breukelman, GJ., Shaw, BS., Basson, AK., Djarova, TG., Millard, L. and Shaw, I., (2021). Immune Function Response Following a Low-carbohydrate, High-fat Diet (LCHFD) in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (1), 1-11

Breukelman, GJ., Basson, AK., Djarova, TG., Du Preez, CJ., Shaw, I., Malan, H. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Concurrent low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with/without physical activity does not improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetics. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 34 (1), 18-21

van Biljon, A., Longhurst, G., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Role of Exergame Play on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Children. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (1)

Shaw, I., Cronje, M. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Group-Based Exercise as a Therapeutic Strategy for the Improvement of Mental Outcomes in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Patients in Low Resource Care Facilities. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (1), 1-6

Lewis Mathunjwa, M., Djarova, T., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Effects of Four Weeks of Concurrent Taekwondo Plus Resistance Training on Post-exercise Blood Biomarkers of Physiological Stress in Previously-Trained Individuals. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (4)

Shaw, I., Turner, S., McCrorie, C., Schnetler, A. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Reductions in Cardiopulmonary Disease Risk Following Calisthenic Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Training in Young Adults in a Low Resource Setting. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (1), 1-6

Shaw, I., E Boshoff, V., Coetzee, S. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Efficacy of Home-Based Callisthenic Resistance Training on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Overweight Compared to Normal Weight Preadolescents. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (1), 1-5

Millard, L., Shaw, I., Breukelman, GJ. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Differences in visio-spatial expertise between 1st division rugby players and non-athletes. Heliyon. 7 (2), e06290-e06290

Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2021). Resistance Training as a Countermeasure for Key Non-communicable Diseases in Low-Resource Settings: A Review. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (1), 1-8

Shaw, BS., Turner, S. and Shaw, I., (2021). Comparison of Muscular Endurance and Hypertrophy Resistance Training on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Sedentary Male Smokers. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (2), 1-6

Ntshaba, S., Mhlongo, M., Erasmus, H., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training Lowers Body Fat Percentage in Rural Black South African Women. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 12 (2)

Mahmoudzadeh, A., Nakhostin Ansari, N., Naghdi, S., Ghasemi, E., Motamedzadeh, O., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2021). Role of Spasticity Severity in the Balance of Post-stroke Patients. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 15

Heidari, S., Daneshfar, A., Abasskhanian, A., Sheikh, M. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Observational practice intervention for improving visual search behaviour, quiet eye and motor performance in children with autism spectrum disorder. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 43 (2), 59-68

Bahari, F., Naghdi, N., Sheikh, M. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Effect of physical exercise on muscle strength, static and dynamic balance and resiliency in women with multiple sclerosis. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 43 (1), 1-11

DUBE, S., MATHUNJWA, M., SHAW, BS., VAN BILJON, A. and SHAW, I., (2021). Comparative effects of high-intensity versus moderate-intensity concurrent aerobic and resistance exercise training on obese females. Medicina dello Sport. 74 (3), 528-536

Kahkouee, S., Mahdaviani, SA., Jalalvand, D. and Shaw, BS., (2021). Common chest and abdominal computed tomography findings among patients with disseminated bcg disease. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 52 (1), 124-131

Brown, GA., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2021). How much water is in a mouthful, and how many mouthfuls should I drink? A laboratory exercise to help students understand developing a hydration plan. Advances in Physiology Education. 45 (3), 589-593

Mahmoudzadeh, A., Nakhostin Ansari, N., Naghdi, S., Sadeghi-Demneh, E., Motamedzadeh, O., Shaw, BS., Shariat, A. and Shaw, I., (2020). Effect of Ankle Plantar Flexor Spasticity Level on Balance in Patients With Stroke: Protocol for a Cross-Sectional Study. JMIR Research Protocols. 9 (8), e16045-e16045

Mathunjwa, ML., Shaw, BS., Djarova-Daniels, TG., Shariat, A. and Shaw, I., (2020). Hematologic responses following concurrent Taekwondo and resistance training. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 42 (1), 47-56

Nahand, MS., Najafababdi, MG., Naghdi, N., Sheikh, M. and Shaw, BS., (2020). Effect of combined aquatic and cognitive training on quality of life, fall self-efficacy, and motor performance in aged with varying cognitive status: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 16 (2), 148-153

Millard, L., Shaw, I., Breukelman, GJ. and Shaw, BS., (2020). Factors Affecting Vision and Visio-Spatial Intelligence (VSI) in Sport: A Review of the Literature. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 11 (3), 1-9

Gouws, C., Millard, L., Naude, A., Meyer, J-W., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2020). Educational Framework for Coaches on Injury Prevention in Adolescent Team Sports. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. 11 (4), 1-6

Millard, L., Shaw, B., Breukelman, G. and Shaw, I., (2020). Visual Abilities Distinguish Level of Play in Rugby. Annals of Applied Sport Science. 8 (3), 0-0

Nichas, A., Shaw, BS., Millard, L., Breukelman, GJ. and Shaw, I., (2020). Kinanthropometric attributes of elite south african male kata and kumite karateka. Archives of Budo. 16, 181-194

Mathunjwa, ML., Djarova-Daniels, T., Shaw, I., Mugandani, S. and Shaw, BS., (2020). Short duration high-intensity interval taekwondo training substantially improves body composition and physical fitness in previously-trained individuals: A proof-of-concept study. Archives of Budo. 16, 221-226

Shaw, I., Schwartzel, D., Millard, L., Breukelman, GJ. and Shaw, BS., (2020). Lower-body strength, power and flexibility in kara-teka: Implications for musculoskeletal health. Archives of Budo. 16, 77-82

Breukelman, GJ., Basson, AK., Djarova, TG., Du Preez, CJ., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2019). Combination Low Carbohydrate, High Fat Diet and Physical Activity Intervention on Lipoprotein-Lipids in Type 2 Diabetics. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. In Press (In Press)

Shariat, A., Alizadeh, R., Moradi, V., Afsharnia, E., Hakakzadeh, A., Ansari, NN., Ingle, L., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2019). The impact of modified exercise and relaxation therapy on chronic lower back pain in office workers: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation. 15 (5), 703-708

Soal, LJ., Bester, CM., Shaw, BS. and Yelverton, C., (2019). Changes in chronic neck pain following the introduction of a visco-elastic polyurethane foam pillow and/or chiropractic treatment. Health SA Gesondheid. 24, 1099-

Shariat, A., Ansari, NN., Shaw, BS., Kordi, R., Kargarfard, M. and Shaw, I., (2018). CYCLING TRAINING AND FUNCTIONAL ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR POST-STROKE PATIENTS. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 24 (4), 300-302

Shariat, A., Hosseini, L., Ghayour Najafabadi, M., Cleland, JA., S Shaw, B. and Shaw, I., (2018). Functional Electrical Stimulation and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Neurorehabilitation in Patients Post Stroke: A Short Communication. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. In Press (In Press)

Kargarfard, M., Amiri, E., Shaw, I., Shariat, A. and Shaw, BS., (2018). Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations, and psychological societe francaise de medecine du sport overtraining scores as indicators of overtraining syndromes among elite soccer players. Revista de Psicologia del Deporte. 27 (1), 155-160

Shariat, A., Shaw, BS., Kargarfard, M., Shaw, I. and Lam, ETC., (2017). KINANTHROPOMETRIC ATTRIBUTES OF ELITE MALE JUDO, KARATE AND TAEKWONDO ATHLETES. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. 23 (4), 260-263

Kargarfard, M., Shariat, A., Shaw, I., Haddadi, P. and Shaw, BS., (2017). Effects of Resistance and Aerobic Exercise Training or Education Associated with a Dietetic Program on Visfatin Concentrations and Body Composition in Overweight and Obese Women. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine. In Press (In Press)

Shariat, A., Lam, ETC., Shaw, BS., Shaw, I., Kargarfard, M. and Sangelaji, B., (2017). Impact of back squat training intensity on strength and flexibility of hamstring muscle group. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. 30 (3), 641-647

Grobler, TD., Shaw, BS. and Coopoo, Y., (2017). Influence of physical fitness parameters on relative age effect on amateur secondary school rugby union players. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 39 (3), 29-39

Zahiri, N., Abollahi, I., Nabavi, SM., Ehsani, F., Arab, AM., Shaw, I., Shariat, A., Shaw, BS., Dastoorpoor, M., Danaee, M. and Sangelaji, B., (2017). Interference Effect of Prior Explicit Information on Motor Sequence Learning in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences. 24 (1), 69-80

Shaw, I., Shaw, BS., Boshoff, VE., Coetzee, S. and Brown, GA., (2016). Kinanthropometric Responses To Callisthenic Strength Training In Children. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 48 (5 Suppl 1), 920-920

Shaw, I., Kinsey, JE., Richards, R. and Shaw, BS., (2016). Individualized supervised resistance training during nebulization in adults with cystic fibrosis. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 32 (5), 1152-1157

Kahle, A., Brown, GA., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2016). Mechanical and physiological analysis of minimalist versus traditionally-shod running. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 56 (9), 974-979

Kargarfard, M., Lam, ETC., Shariat, A., Asle Mohammadi, M., Afrasiabi, S., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2016). Effects of endurance and high intensity training on ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels and arterial pressure in obese and normal weight adolescents. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 44 (3), 208-216

Shaw, BS., Gouveia, M., McIntyre, S. and Shaw, I., (2016). Anthropometric and cardiovascular responses to hypertrophic resistance training in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 23 (11), 1176-1181

Kargarfard, M., Lam, ETC., Shariat, A., Shaw, I., Shaw, BS. and Tamrin, SBM., (2016). Efficacy of massage on muscle soreness, perceived recovery, physiological restoration and physical performance in male bodybuilders. Journal of Sports Sciences. 34 (10), 959-965

Shaw, SB., Dullabh, M., Forbes, G., Brandkamp, J-L. and Shaw, I., (2015). Analysis of physiological determinants during a single bout of Crossfit. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 15 (3), 809-815

Shariat, A., Shaw, I., Shaw, BS. and Sadeghi, H., (2015). Analysis of the effects of resistance training on circadan rhythm of endocrine hormones. Russian Open Medical Journal. 4 (3), e0302-e0302

Kargarfard, M., Shariat, A., Shaw, BS., Shaw, I., Lam, ETC., Kheiri, A., Eatemadyboroujeni, A. and Tamrin, SBM., (2015). Effects of Polluted Air on Cardiovascular and Hematological Parameters After Progressive Maximal Aerobic Exercise. Lung. 193 (2), 275-281

Brown, GA., Bice, MR., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2015). Online quizzes promote inconsistent improvements on in-class test performance in introductory anatomy and physiology. Advances in Physiology Education. 39 (2), 63-66

Brown, GA., Heiserman, K., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2015). Rectus abdominis and rectus femoris muscle activity while performing conventional unweighted and weighted seated abdominal trunk curls. Medicina dello Sport. 68 (1), 9-18

Kargarfard, M., Shariat, A., Lam, E., Shaw, B., Shaw, I., Shariat, A. and Nayyeri, F., (2015). Prevalence and Perceptions Toward Anabolicandrogenic Steroid Use Amongst University Students. Acta Medica Bulgarica. 42 (2), 61-67

Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Brown, GA., (2015). Resistance exercise is medicine: Strength training in health promotion and rehabilitation. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 22 (8), 385-389

Siti, MI., Saat, MI., Krasilshchikov, O., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2014). Enhancing jump ground reaction forces in children through jump training. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 36 (1), 199-209

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL., Shaw, BS., Amusa, LO., Khoza, LB. and Shaw, I., (2013). Body Fat Percentage of Urban South African Children: Implications for Health and Fitness. West Indian Medical Journal. 62 (7), 582-588

Fourie, M., Gildenhuys, GM., Shaw, I., Shaw, BS., Toriola, AL. and Goon, DT., (2013). Effects of a Mat Pilates Programme on Body Composition in Elderly Women. West Indian Medical Journal. 62 (6), 524-528

Brown, GA., Krueger, RD., Cook, CM., Heelan, KA., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2013). A prediction equation for the estimation of cardiorespiratory fitness using an elliptical motion trainer. West Indian Medical Journal. 62 (2), 114-117

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL., Moselakgomo, VK., Shaw, BS. and Anyanwu, FC., (2013). Are rural South African children abdominally obese?. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 29 (3), 740-743

Fourie, M., Gildenhuys, GM., Shaw, I., Shaw, BS., Toriola, AL. and Goon, DT., (2013). Effects of a mat pilates program on flexibility in elderly women. Medicina dello Sport. 66 (4), 545-553

Lynch, E., Lombard, AJJ., Coopoo, Y., Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2013). Shoulder injury incidence and severity through identificationof risk factors in rugby union players. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 29 (6), 1400-1405

Toriola, AL., Moselakgomo, VK., Shaw, BS., Goon, DT. and Akinyemi, O., (2012). Aerobic fitness of South African school children. Medicina dello Sport. 65 (4), 459-471

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL. and Shaw, BS., (2012). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis in detecting excess adiposity in 9-13-year old south african children. West Indian Medical Journal. 61 (7), 670-673

Moselakgomo, VK., Toriola, AL., Shaw, BS., Goon, DT. and Akinyemi, O., (2012). Índice de massa corpórea, sobrepeso e pressão arterial em escolares na província de Limpopo, África do Sul. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 30 (4), 562-569

Toriola, A., Moselakgomo, V., Shaw, B. and Goon, D., (2012). Overweight, obesity and underweight in rural black South African children. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 25 (2), 57-61

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL. and Shaw, BS., (2012). Stature and body mass of Nigerian children aged 9-12 years. Minerva Pediatrica. 64 (3), 325-331

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL., Shaw, BS. and Akinyemi, O., (2011). Can waist circumference be estimated from BMI in Nigerian children?. Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche. 170 (4), 225-228

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL., Shaw, BS., Amusa, LO., Monyeki, MA., Akinyemi, O. and Alabi, OA., (2011). Anthropometrically determined nutritional status of urban primary schoolchildren in Makurdi, Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 11 (1), 769-

Shaw, BS., (2011). Commentary. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 18 (8), 449-449

Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Goon, DT., (2011). Resistance training and blood lipid regulation: A review of the evidence. Medicina dello Sport. 64 (4), 511-521

Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2011). Static standing posture and pulmonary function in moderate-persistent asthmatics following aerobic and diaphragmatic breathing training. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 27 (3), 549-552

Shaw, I., Shaw, BS. and Brown, GA., (2011). Concurrent Training and Pulmonary Function in Smokers. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 32 (10), 776-780

Billson, JH., Cilliers, JF., Pieterse, JJ., Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Toriola, AL., (2011). Comparison of home- and gymnasium-based resistance training on flexibility in the elderly. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 33 (3), 1-9

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL., Shaw, BS. and Akinyemi, O., (2011). Estimating waist circumference from BMI in South African children. Scientific Research and Essays. 6 (15), 3104-3108

Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2011). Pulmonary Function and Abdominal and Thoracic Kinematic Changes Following Aerobic and Inspiratory Resistive Diaphragmatic Breathing Training in Asthmatics. Lung. 189 (2), 131-139

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL., Shaw, BS. and Amusa, LO., (2011). Centripetal fat patterning in South African children. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. 27 (4), 832-836

Shaw, I., Shaw, BS., Brown, GA. and Cilliers, JF., (2010). Concurrent resistance and aerobic training as protection against heart disease. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 21 (4), 196-199

Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Mamen, A., (2010). Contrasting effects in anthropometric measures of total fatness and abdominal fat mass following endurance and concurrent endurance and resistance training. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 50 (2), 207-213

Shaw, B., Shaw, I. and Brown, G., (2010). Relationship between resistance training and selfreported habitual macronutrient and energy intake. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 32 (2), 109-116

Brown, GA., Ray, MW., Abbey, BM., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2010). Oxygen Consumption, Heart Rate, and Blood Lactate Responses to an Acute Bout of Plyometric Depth Jumps in College-Aged Men and Women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 24 (9), 2475-2482

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL. and Shaw, BS., (2010). Screening for body-weight disorders in Nigerian children using contrasting definitions. Obesity Reviews. 11 (7), 508-515

Shaw, I., Shaw, BS. and Brown, GA., (2010). Role of diaphragmatic breathing and aerobic exercise in improving pulmonary function and maximal oxygen consumption in asthmatics. Science & Sports. 25 (3), 139-145

Shaw, BS., (2009). Commentaries. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 16 (10), 554-

Shaw, BS., (2009). Commentaries. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation. 16 (8), 429-

Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Brown, GA., (2009). Comparison of Resistance and Concurrent Resistance and Endurance Training Regimes in the Development of Strength. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 23 (9), 2507-2514

Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Brown, GA., (2009). Effect of resistance training on total, central and abdominal adiposity. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation. 31 (2), 97-108

Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2009). Compatibility of concurrent aerobic and resistance training on maximal aerobic capacity in sedentary males. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 20 (2), 104-106

Shaw, I., Shaw, BS. and Krasilshchikov, O., (2009). Comparison of aerobic and combined aerobic and resistance training on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in men. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 20 (5), 290-295

Goon, DT., Toriola, AL. and Shaw, BS., (2009). Musculoskeletal fitness in Nigerian school children. Medicina dello Sport. 62 (2), 135-147

Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2008). Relationship between resistance training and lipoprotein profiles in sedentary male smokers. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 19 (4), 194-197

Semin, K., Stahlnecker IV, AC., Heelan, K., Brown, GA., Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2008). Discrepancy between training, competition and laboratory measures of maximum heart rate in NCAA division 2 distance runners. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7 (4), 455-460

Shaw, BS., Shaw, I. and Brown, GA., (2008). Self-reported dietary intake following endurance, resistance and concurrent endurance and resistance training. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 7 (2), 255-259

Shaw, I. and Shaw, BS., (2006). Consequence of resistance training on body composition and coronary artery disease risk. Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa. 17 (3), 111-116

Shaw, BS. and Shaw, I., (2005). Effect of resistance training on cardiorespiratory endurance and coronary artery disease risk. Cardiovascular Journal of South Africa. 16 (5), 256-259