Introductions to linguistic semantics include [Hurford and Heasley1983,Kempson1977], and, at a rather more advanced level [Cann1993,Chierchia and McConnell-Ginet1990].
The discussion of tense and aspect given here is inspired by that used in the EUROTRA project, which is described in [Allegranza et al. 1991,Van Eynde1993a]. This, in its turn, is inspired by the work of [Bruce1972], and ultimately [Reichenbach1947].
As regards pragmatics , [Levinson1983,Leech1983] are useful introductions. Relevant work on discourse structure includes [Grosz and Sidner1986,Pustejovsky1987]. The treatment of common sense inference and real world knowledge is the field of Artificial Intelligence, see for example [Rich1983,Tennant1981,Barr and Fiegenbaum1981,Shapiro1987]. On semantic net s, see [Sowa1984]. The perspective we have taken in this Chapter is rather that suggested by the programming language Prolog. For an easy introduction to this see [Rogers1986]. For more advanced material directed at AI applications, see [Bratko1986], for material focussed on NLP applications, see [Gazdar and Mellish1989].
The play-pen -- writing-pen example is from Bar-Hillel [Bar-Hillel1951].