Electoral Malpractice and Electoral Manipulation

in New and Semi-Democracies

Select Bibliography of Electoral Malpractice

Birch, S, ‘Nomenklatura Democratization: Electoral Clientelism in Post-Soviet Ukraine’, Democratization, 4.4 (1997), pp. 40-62.

--- ‘Electoral Systems and Electoral Misconduct’, Comparative Political Studies, 40.12 (2007), pp. 1533-56.

-- ‘Electoral Institutions and Popular Confidence in Electoral Processes: A Cross-National Analysis’, forthcoming, Electoral Studies, 2008.

Boda, M. D., ‘Judging Elections by Public International Law: A Tentative Framework’, Representation 41.3 (2005), pp. 208-29.

Bratton, M., ‘Second Elections in Africa’, Journal of Democracy 9.3 (1998).

Bratton, M. and N. van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective, Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1997

Brusco, V., M. Nazareno and S. C. Stokes, ‘Vote-Buying in Argentina’, Latin American Research Review 39.2 (2004), pp. 66-88.

Calingert, Daniel, ‘Election Rigging and How to Fight It’, Journal of Democracy 17.3 (2006), pp. 13-51.

Callahan, W. A., Pollwatching, Election and Civil Society in Southeast Asia, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2000.

Case, W., ‘Manipulative Sills: How Do Rulers Control the Electoral Arena’, in A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2006, pp. 95-112.

Christensen, R., ‘Stealing Elections on Election Night: A Comparison of Statistical Evidence from Japan, Canada, and the United States’, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC, 2005.

Cox, G. W., and J. M. Kousser, ‘Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case’, American Journal of Political Science 25.4 (1981), pp. 646-63.

Cox, G. W. and M. F. Thies, ‘How Much Does Money Matter? “Buying” Votes in Japan, 1967-1990’, Comparative Political Studies 33.1 (2000), pp. 37-57.

Dahl, R., Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.

D’Anieri, P., ‘The Last Hurrah: the 2004 Ukrainian Presidential Elections and the Limits of Machine Politics’, Communist and Postcommunist Studies 38 (2005), pp. 231-49.

Dardé, C., ‘Fraud and the Passivity of the Electorate in Spain, 1875-1923’, in E. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America , Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, pp. 201-21.

Darden, K. A., ‘Blackmail as a Tool of State Domination: Ukraine under Kuchma’, East European Constitutional Review 10.2/3 (2001), pp. 67-71.

Deas, M., ‘The Role of the Church, the Army and the Police in Colombian Elections, c. 1850-1930’, in E. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, pp. 163-80.

Donno, D. and A. Roussias, ‘Cheating Pays: The Impact of Electoral Manipulation on Party Systems’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, September, 2006.

Eisenstadt, T. A., ‘Off the Streets and into the Courtrooms: Resolving Postelectoral Conflicts in Mexico’ in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner (eds.), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Boulder, CO and London: Lynne Rienner, 1999 pp. 83-103.

--- ‘Measuring Electoral Court Failure in Democratizing Mexico’, International Political Science Review 23.1 (2002), pp. 47-68.

Elklit, J., ‘Electoral Institutional Change and Democratization: You Can Lead a Horse to Water, But You Can’t Make it Drink’, Democratization 6.4 (1999), pp. 28-51.

Elklit, J. and A. Reynolds, ‘The Impact of Election Administration on the Legitimacy of Emerging Democracies’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 40.2 (2002), pp. 86-119.

--- ‘A Framework for the Systematic Study of Election Quality’, Democratization, 12.2 (2005a), pp. 147-62.

--- ‘Judging Elections and Election Management Quality by Process’, Representation 41.3 (2005b), pp. 189-207.

Elklit, J. and P. Svensson, ‘What Makes Elections Free and Fair?’, Journal of Democracy 8.3 (1997), pp. 32-45.

Figueroa, M. and A. Sives, ‘Homogenous Voting, Electoral Manipulation and the “Garrison” Process in Post-Independence Jamaica’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 40.1 (2002), pp. 81-108.

Goodwin-Gill, G. S., Free and Fair Elections, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1994.

--- Codes of Conduct for Elections, Geneva; Inter-Parliamentary Union, 1998.

Gosnell, H. F., Machine Politics: Chicago Model, 2^nd ed., Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Hartlyn, J. ‘Crisis-Ridden Elections (Again) in the Dominican Republic: Neopatrimonialism, Presidentialism, and Weak Electoral Oversight’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36.4 (1994), pp. 91-144.

Hartlyn, J. and J. McCoy, ‘Observer Paradoxes; How to Assess Electoral Manipulation’, in A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2006, pp. 41-54.

Hartlyn, Jonathan, Jennifer McCoy and Thomas M. Mustillo, ‘Electoral Governance Matters: Explaining the Quality of Elections in Contemporary Latin America’, Comparative Political Studies 41 (2008).

Heidenheimer, A. J. and M. Johnston (eds.), Political Corruption: Concepts & Contexts (3^rd edition), New Brunswick and London: Transaction, 2002.

Herron E. S. and P. E. Johnson, ‘Fraud before the “Revolution”: Special Precincts in Ukraine’s 2002 Parliamentary Election’, in I. Bredies, V. Yakushev and A. Umland (eds.), Aspects of the Orange Revolution III: Elections in Post-Soviet Ukraine, Stuttgart: ibidem-Verlag, forthcoming, 2007.

Herron, M. C. and J. Wand, ‘Assessing Partisan Bias in Voting Technology: The Case of the 2004 New Hampshire Recount’, Electoral Studies 26.2 (2007), pp. 247-61.

Herron, M. C. and J. S. Sekhon, ‘Overvoting and Representation: An Examination of Overvoted Presidential Ballots in Broward and Miami-Dade Counties’, Electoral Studies 22.1 (2003), pp. 21-48.

Hermet, G., R. Rose, and A. Rouquié (eds.), Elections without Choice London: Macmillan, 1978.

Howard, M. M. and P. G. Roessler, ‘Liberalizing Electoral Outcomes in Competitive Authoritarian Regimes’, American Journal of Political Science 50.2 (2006), pp. 365-81.

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance [IDEA], International Electoral Standards: Guidelines for Reviewing the Legal Framework of Elections, Stockholm: International IDEA, 2002.

Katz, R. S., ‘Democratic Principles and Judging “Free and Fair”’, Representation 41.3 (2005), pp. 161-79.

King, R. F., ‘Counting the Votes: South Carolina’s Stolen Elections of 1876’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 32.2 (2001), pp. 169-91.

Lehoucq, F. E., ‘Institutionalizing Democracy: Constraint and Ambition in the Politics of Electoral Reform’, Comparative Politics 32.4 (2000), pp. 459-77.

--- ‘Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization’, International Political Science Review 23.1 (2002), pp. 29-46.

--- ‘Electoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and Consequences’, Annual Review of Political Science 6 (2003), pp. 233-56.

Lehoucq, F. E., and I. Molina, Stuffing the Ballot-Box: Fraud, Electoral Reform, and Democratization in Costa Rica, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Lindberg, Staffan I., ‘The Democratic Qualities of Competitive Elections: Participation, Competition and Legitimacy in Africa’, Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 42.1 (2004), pp. 61-105.

López-Pintor, R., Electoral Management Bodies as Institutions of Governance, New York: United Nations Development Programme, 2000.

McCann, J. A. and J. I. Domínguez, 1998, ‘Mexicans React to Political Fraud and Corruption: An Assessment of Public Opinion and Voting Behavior’, Electoral Studies 17.4, pp. 483-503.

McCoy, J. and J. Hartlyn, ‘Election Processes in Latin America: Historical legacies and Proximate Causes’, Paper delivered at the Annual Meeting of the America Political Science Association, Philadelphia, 13 August – 3 September, 2006.

McDonald, R. H., ‘Electoral Fraud and Regime Controls in Latin America’, Western Political Quarterly 25.1 (1972), pp. 81-93.

Mackenzie, W. J. M., Free Elections: An Elementary Textbook, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1958.

Mayfield, L., ‘Voting Fraud in Early Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History 24.1 (1993), pp. 59-84.

Molina, I. and F. Lehoucq, ‘Political Competition and Electoral Fraud: A Latin American Case Study’, Journal of Inter-Disciplinary History 30.2 (1999), pp. 199-234.

Mozaffar, S., 2002, ‘Patterns of Electoral Governance in Africa’s Emerging Democracies’, International Political Science Review 23.1.

Mozaffar, S. and A. Schedler, ‘The Comparative Study of Electoral Governance – An Introduction’ International Political Science Review, 23.2 (2002), pp. 5-27.

Oberst, R. C., and A. Weilage, Quantitative Tests of Electoral Fraud: The 1982 Sri Lankan Referendum’, Corruption and Reform 5 (1990), pp. 49-62.

O’Gorman, F., ‘The Culture o Elections in England: From the Glorious Revolution to the First World War, 1688-1914’, in E. Posada-Carbó (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996, pp. 17-31.

O’Leary, C., The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1868-1911, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962.

Pastor, R. A., ‘The Role of Electoral Administration in Democratic Transitions’, Democratization 6.4 (1999a), pp. 1-27.

--- ‘A Third Dimension of Accountability: The International Community in National Elections’, in A. Schedler, L. Diamond and M. F. Plattner (eds.), The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999b, pp. 123042.

Philip, Mark, ‘Defining Political Corruption’, Political Studies 45.3 (1997), pp. 436-62.

Posada-Carbó, E. (ed.), Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1996.

Posada-Carbó, E., ‘Electoral Juggling: A Comparative History of the Corruption of Suffrage in Latin America, 1830-1939’, Journal of Latin American Studies 32.2 (2000), pp. 611-44.

Posousney, M. P., ‘Behind the Ballot Box: Electoral Engineering in the Arab World’, Middle East Report 209 (1998), pp. 12-15, 42.

Powell, L. N., ‘Correcting for Fraud: A Quantitative Reassessment of the Mississippi Ratification Election of 1868’, Journal of Southern History 55.4 (1989), pp. 633-58.

Pravda, A, 'Elections in Communist Party States' in G. Hermet, R. Rose and A. Rouquié, eds., Elections without Choice, London: Macmillan, 1978.

Rouquié, A., ‘Clientelist Control and Authoritarian Contexts’, in G. Hermet, R. Rose, and A. Rouquié (eds.), Elections without Choice London: Macmillan, 1978, pp. 9-35.

Schaffer, F. C., ‘Might Cleaning Up Elections Keep People Away from the Polls? Historical and Comparative Perspectives’, International Political Science Review 23.1 (2002), pp. 69-84.

--- ‘Clean Elections and the Great Unwashed: Vote Buying and Voter Education in the Philippines’, Occasional Paper No. 21, School of Social Science, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, 2005.

--- (ed.) Elections for Sale: The Causes and Consequences of Vote Buying, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2007.

Schaffer F. C. and A. Schedler, ‘What Is Vote Buying? The Limits of the Market Model’, paper presented at the conference on ‘Poverty, Democracy and Clientelism: The Political Economy of Vote Buying’, Stanford University, 28 November – 2 December, 2005.

Schedler, A., ‘Elections without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation’, Journal of Democracy 13.2 (2002a).

--- ‘The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections’, International Political Science Review 23.1 (2002b), pp. 103-22.

--- ‘Degrees and Patterns of Party Competition in Electoral Autocracies’, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, 2004.

--- ‘The Logic of Electoral Authoritarianism’, in A. Schedler (ed.), Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner, 2006, pp. 1-23.

Tomz, M. and R. P. Van Houweling, ‘How Does Voting Equipment Affect the Racial Gap in Voided Ballots?’, American Journal of Political Science 47.1 (2003), pp. 46-60.

Scott, J. C., ‘Corruption, Machine Politics and Political Change’, American Political Science Review 63 (1969), pp. 1142-58.

Wilson, A. Virtual Politics: Faking Democracy in the Post-Soviet World , New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005a.

--- Ukraine’s Orange Revolution, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2005b. 

Wiseman, J. A., ‘Early Post-Redemocratization Elections in Africa’, Electoral Studies 11.4 (1992), pp. 279-91.

Zovatto, D. and M. Payne, ‘Trends in Electoral Participation in Latin America’, paper prepared for the 2003 CSES Plenary Session, Stockholm, 3-4 October, 2003.